IBNU BATUTAH
Ibn Batutah or Muhammad bin Batutah ( Arabic : محمد ابن بطوطة ) whose full name is Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah Al- Lawati At-Tanji bin Batutah ( Arabic : أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بوطة ) is Moroccan pious (scholars) who traveled to various parts of the world in the Middle Ages . [1] [2] Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Batutah explored much of the Islamic World and many non-Muslim countries, including North Africa , the Horn of Africa , West Africa , the Middle East , Central Asia , Southeast Asia , South Asia , and China . Towards the end of his life, he recounted his experiences of exploring the world to be published under the title Gifts for Foreign Observers and Miraculous Experiences ( Arabic : تحفة النظار في رائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار , Tuẓẓfīfatun G ), [3] , commonly referred to visit ( Arabic : الرحلة , Ar-Rihlah ).[4] Ibn Battuta's travel history presents a description of the Middle Ages civilization which is still used as a source of reference today.
Youth [ edit | edit source ]
All things related to Ibn Battuta's identity and personal life that are known to people today come from his life history which is contained in Ar-Rihlah . According to this source, Ibn Battuta was of Berber descent , [1] born as the son of the Ulama Fiqh family in Tanjah (Tangier), Morocco, on February 24, 1304 (703 Hijriah), when Morocco was ruled by the sultans of Bani Marin . [5] He admits that he is still a descendant of one of the Berber tribes, namely the Lawata tribe . [6] In his youth, Ibn Battuta studied jurisprudence at a madrassa Suni Air Maliki school , namely the form of education that was most prevalent in North Africa at that time. [7] Muslims from the Maliki school asked Ibn Battuta to be their kadi (sharia judge), because he came from a country that practiced the Maliki School.
Ikhtisar perjalanan 1325–1332[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pertama kali berhaji[sunting | sunting sumber]
Pada bulan Juni 1325, saat berusia dua puluh satu tahun, Ibnu Batutah berangkat meninggalkan kampung halamannya untuk menunaikan ibadah haji, yakni perjalanan ziarah ke Mekah, yang kala itu lazim memakan waktu enam belas bulan. Ia tidak pernah lagi melihat Maroko selama dua puluh empat tahun semenjak keberangkatannya ke Mekah.[9]
Aku berangkat seorang diri, tanpa kawan seperjalanan sebagai pelipur lara, tanpa iring-iringan kafilah yang dapat kuikuti, namun didorong oleh hasrat yang menggebu-gebu di dalam diriku, dan impian yang sudah lama terpendam di dalam sanubariku untuk berziarah ke tempat-tempat suci yang mulia ini. Jadi, kubulatkan tekadku untuk meninggalkan orang-orang terkasih, perempuan maupun laki-laki, dan menelantarkan rumahku laksana burung-burung menelantarkan sarang-sarangnya. Alangkah berat rasanya berpisah dari kedua orang tuaku, yang masih hidup kala itu, dan baik beliau berdua maupun diriku sendiri sungguh-sungguh berduka karena harus berpisah.[10]
Ibnu Batutah berangkat ke Mekah melalui jalur darat, menyusuri kawasan pesisir Afrika Utara, melintasi wilayah kesultanan Bani Abdul Wad dan wilayah kesultanan Bani Hafsi. Ia melewati Kota Tlemsan, Kota Bijayah, dan kemudian singgah selama dua bulan di Kota Tunis.[11] Demi keamanan, Ibnu Batutah sering kali berangkat bersama rombongan kafilah agar terhindar dari aksi perampokan. Ia bahkan sempat pula menikah di Kota Sifaks.[12] Pernikahannya di Sifaks adalah pernikahan pertama dari serentetan pernikahan yang kelak dilakukannya selama berkelana menjelajahi pelosok-pelosok dunia.[13]
In the early spring of 1326, after traveling 3,500 km (2,200 miles), Ibn Batutah finally reached the city of Alexandria , which at that time was part of the Mamluk Bahariyah Sultanate . In the city, he met two ascetics. One of them was named Sheikh Burhanudin who allegedly predicted that Ibn Batutah would later explore the world. To Ibn Batutah, the ascetic said, "it seems that you like to travel to foreign countries. Later you will meet my brother Faridudin in India, Rukanudin in Sindi, and Burhanudin in China. Convey my greetings to them." Another ascetic named Sheikh Mursyidi interpreted one of Ibn Batutah's dreams as a sign that he was destined to be an explorer of the world. [14] [15] Ibn Battuta stopped for several weeks in Alexandria to visit the historical sites in the area, and then continued his journey to Cairo , the capital of the Mamluk Empire and a prominent city. After stopping for about a month in Cairo, [16] he made the first of his many explorations in the relatively safe territory of the Mamluk Empire. Of the three routes that people usually take to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the path that was least traveled, namely the route that followed the Nile valley upstream, then turned east towards Bandar Aidab on the coast of the Red Sea . [a] Yet as soon as he arrived in the city, chaos broke out that forced him to turn around. [18]
Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and chose another route, this time through the city of Damascus which was under the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate. On his first trip, he once met a wali who predicted that he could only get to Mecca via Sham . [19] This second route he considered advantageous, as it passed many holy places, including Hebron , Jerusalem , and Bethlehem . In addition, the Mamluk Sultanate officials also exerted every effort and effort to maintain the safety of this route for pilgrims. Without their toil, the travelers who crossed this route must have become the target of robbers and murderers. [20] [b]
After spending the month of Ramadan in Damascus, he set out with a caravan, traveling 1,300 km (810 miles) south to Medina , the site of the Prophet Muhammad 's Mosque . After stopping for four days in Medina, Ibn Batutah left for Mecca to complete his pilgrimage so that he was eligible to hold the title of Al-Hajj . Instead of returning to Morocco after the pilgrimage, Ibn Batutah even wanted to continue his journey, and decided to head northeast to Ilkhanan (State of Ilkhan Hulagu), one of the many states ruled by Khan Mongo.
On November 17, 1326, after a month -long stay in Mecca, Ibn Batutah joined a large group of pilgrims who would return to Iraq via the Arabian Peninsula . [26] The caravan traveled north towards Medina, then continued its journey at night to the northeast, crossing the Najd fields towards Najaf for about two weeks. Arriving in Najaf, he made a pilgrimage to the Tomb of Ali , the fourth caliph . [27]
After the pilgrimage, Ibn Battuta did not continue his journey with the pilgrimage caravan to Baghdad , and instead wandered for six months exploring the Persian land . From Najaf, he headed for Wasit , then followed the Tigris River to the south towards Basra . The next city he visited was Isfahan , which lies behind the Zagros Mountains in Persia. Then he headed south towards Shiraz , a large, prosperous city that was fortunate to escape the crushing actions of the Mongol armies, was unlike many other cities further north. Ibn Battuta finally returned across the mountains to Baghdad, and arrived in the city in June 1327. [28] Various areas in the City of Baghdad are still filled with rubble, the remains of the scorched earth action carried out by Hulagu Khan's army when they attacked the city. it was in 1258. [29]
While in Baghdad, Ibn Battuta found that Abu Said , the last Mongol leader of the entire Ilkhanan region before the division of the country, was going north leaving Baghdad accompanied by a large group of his men. [30] Ibn Battuta first left with Abu Said's entourage, but later broke away and followed the Silk Route to Tabriz , the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols. The city of Tabriz was then an important trading center, as neighboring towns had been destroyed by the Mongol armies.
Ibn Battuta left for Baghdad again, most likely in July, but first made his way north, along the flow of the Tigris River. He visited Mosul and was entertained by the governor, the Ilkhanan government official in the city, [32] then also visited the City of Cizre (Jazirat Ibnu Umar) and the city of Mardin, which is now part of the Turkish state. When he came to a hermitage on a mountain near Sinjar , he met a Kurdish Sufism expert who presented him with several pieces of silver. [c] [35] On his return to Mosul, he joined a group of pilgrims and left for Baghdad. This party joined the pilgrimage caravan in Baghdad and set off across the Arabian Desert to Mecca. As a result of being stricken with diarrhea on the way, Ibn Battuta arrived in Mecca for the second pilgrimage, weak and tired. [36]
Arabian Peninsula [ edit | edit source ]
The history in the Ar-Rihlah of Ibn Battuta implies that he stayed in Mecca for three years, from September 1327 to the autumn of 1330. However, the confusion over the mention of dates in Ar-Rihlah led scholars to suspect that Ibn Battuta had actually left Mecca after the pilgrimage on 1328. [d]
After the pilgrimage in 1328 or 1330, he went to Bandar Jeddah, which is located on the coast of the Red Sea. From Jeddah, he alternated boats along the coast, against the southeast winds that slowed the pace of the voyage. When he arrived in Yemen , he visited the city of Zabid and the city of Taiz, which is located in a mountainous area, where he met Malik (king) Mujahid Nurudin Ali of the Bani Rasul . Ibn Battuta also narrated his visit to the City of Sana , but the truth is doubtful. [37] Presumably he headed straight from Taiz for Aden , and arrived at the important port in early 1329 atau 1331.
Comments
Post a Comment